Aggregate

European Union

Over time

6 charts

GDP per capita

€/inh. · 1995-2025
10k 20k 30k 40k 50k 1995 European Union: 14,910 1996 European Union: 15,600 1997 European Union: 16,010 1998 European Union: 16,670 1999 European Union: 17,420 2000 European Union: 18,420 2001 European Union: 19,270 2002 European Union: 19,930 2003 European Union: 20,400 2004 European Union: 21,250 2005 European Union: 22,110 2006 European Union: 23,320 2007 European Union: 24,680 2008 European Union: 25,390 2009 European Union: 24,230 2010 European Union: 25,090 2011 European Union: 25,880 2012 European Union: 25,980 2013 European Union: 26,260 2014 European Union: 26,860 2015 European Union: 27,810 2016 European Union: 28,510 2017 European Union: 29,680 2018 European Union: 30,680 2019 European Union: 31,740 2020 European Union: 30,560 2021 European Union: 33,330 2022 European Union: 36,180 2023 European Union: 38,450 2024 European Union: 40,110 2025 European Union: 41,700 1995 2005 2010 2015 2025

Real GDP growth

% · 1996-2025
-10 -5 0 5 10 1996 European Union: 1.8 1997 European Union: 2.7 1998 European Union: 3 1999 European Union: 3 2000 European Union: 3.9 2001 European Union: 2.1 2002 European Union: 1 2003 European Union: 0.9 2004 European Union: 2.5 2005 European Union: 1.9 2006 European Union: 3.5 2007 European Union: 3.1 2008 European Union: 0.6 2009 European Union: -4.3 2010 European Union: 2.1 2011 European Union: 1.9 2012 European Union: -0.8 2013 European Union: 0 2014 European Union: 1.6 2015 European Union: 2.4 2016 European Union: 1.9 2017 European Union: 2.8 2018 European Union: 2.1 2019 European Union: 1.9 2020 European Union: -5.5 2021 European Union: 6.4 2022 European Union: 3.6 2023 European Union: 0.4 2024 European Union: 1.3 2025 European Union: 1.4 1996 2006 2011 2016 2025

HICP inflation rate

% · 2001-2025
0 2 4 6 8 10 2001 European Union: 3.6 2002 European Union: 2.7 2003 European Union: 2.3 2004 European Union: 2.5 2005 European Union: 2.3 2006 European Union: 2.3 2007 European Union: 2.4 2008 European Union: 3.7 2009 European Union: 0.8 2010 European Union: 1.8 2011 European Union: 2.9 2012 European Union: 2.6 2013 European Union: 1.3 2014 European Union: 0.4 2015 European Union: 0.1 2016 European Union: 0.2 2017 European Union: 1.6 2018 European Union: 1.8 2019 European Union: 1.4 2020 European Union: 0.7 2021 European Union: 2.9 2022 European Union: 9.2 2023 European Union: 6.4 2024 European Union: 2.6 2025 European Union: 2.5 2001 2009 2013 2017 2025

Annual change in house prices

% · 2006-2025
-5 0 5 10 2006 European Union: 9.9 2007 European Union: 8.5 2008 European Union: 1.3 2009 European Union: -3.7 2010 European Union: 0.5 2011 European Union: 0.6 2012 European Union: -2.1 2013 European Union: -1.7 2014 European Union: 0.7 2015 European Union: 2.3 2016 European Union: 4.3 2017 European Union: 4.8 2018 European Union: 5 2019 European Union: 4.9 2020 European Union: 5.6 2021 European Union: 8.4 2022 European Union: 8 2023 European Union: -0.3 2024 European Union: 3.4 2025 European Union: 5.5 2006 2012 2015 2018 2025

R&D expenditure

% of GDP · 1995-2024
1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 1995 European Union: 1.73 1996 European Union: 1.72 1997 European Union: 1.72 1998 European Union: 1.73 1999 European Union: 1.78 2000 European Union: 1.81 2001 European Union: 1.82 2002 European Union: 1.83 2003 European Union: 1.82 2004 European Union: 1.79 2005 European Union: 1.78 2006 European Union: 1.8 2007 European Union: 1.79 2008 European Union: 1.87 2009 European Union: 1.96 2010 European Union: 1.96 2011 European Union: 2 2012 European Union: 2.06 2013 European Union: 2.08 2014 European Union: 2.09 2015 European Union: 2.1 2016 European Union: 2.1 2017 European Union: 2.14 2018 European Union: 2.17 2019 European Union: 2.21 2020 European Union: 2.28 2021 European Union: 2.24 2022 European Union: 2.22 2023 European Union: 2.26 2024 European Union: 2.24 1995 2005 2010 2015 2024

Electricity price for households

€/kWh · 2007S1-2025S2
0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 2007S1 European Union: 0.18 2007S2 European Union: 0.15 2008S1 European Union: 0.16 2008S2 European Union: 0.17 2009S1 European Union: 0.17 2009S2 European Union: 0.17 2010S1 European Union: 0.17 2010S2 European Union: 0.18 2011S1 European Union: 0.19 2011S2 European Union: 0.19 2012S1 European Union: 0.19 2012S2 European Union: 0.2 2013S1 European Union: 0.2 2013S2 European Union: 0.21 2014S1 European Union: 0.21 2014S2 European Union: 0.21 2015S1 European Union: 0.21 2015S2 European Union: 0.21 2016S1 European Union: 0.21 2016S2 European Union: 0.21 2017S1 European Union: 0.21 2017S2 European Union: 0.21 2018S1 European Union: 0.21 2018S2 European Union: 0.22 2019S1 European Union: 0.22 2019S2 European Union: 0.22 2020S1 European Union: 0.21 2020S2 European Union: 0.22 2021S1 European Union: 0.22 2021S2 European Union: 0.24 2022S1 European Union: 0.25 2022S2 European Union: 0.28 2023S1 European Union: 0.29 2023S2 European Union: 0.28 2024S1 European Union: 0.29 2024S2 European Union: 0.29 2025S1 European Union: 0.29 2025S2 European Union: 0.29 2007S1 2013S1 2016S1 2019S1 2025S2

Economy

11 indicators
GDP per capita
41,700 €/inh.
+1,590 vs 2024
EU average 41,700 €/inh.
2025 · country ranking
GDP growth
1.4 %
+0.1 vs 2024
EU average 1.4 %
2025 · country ranking
Inflation
2.5 %
−0.1 vs 2024
EU average 2.5 %
2025 · country ranking
House prices
5.5 %
+2.1 vs 2024
EU average 5.5 %
2025 · country ranking
R&D
2.24 % of GDP
−0.02 vs 2023
EU average 2.24 % of GDP
2024 · country ranking
Electricity price
0.2896 €/kWh
+0.0017 vs 2025S1
EU average 0.2896 €/kWh
2025S2 · country ranking
Tax-to-GDP ratio
40.3 % of GDP
+0.4 vs 2023
EU average 40.3 % of GDP
2024 · country ranking
Gas price
0.1228 €/kWh
+0.0085 vs 2025S1
EU average 0.1228 €/kWh
2025S2 · country ranking
Government debt
81.7 %
+1.0 vs 2024
EU average 81.7 %
2025 · country ranking
Price level
100.0
0 vs 2023
EU average 100.0
2024 · country ranking
Budget balance
-3.1 %
0 vs 2024
EU average -3.1 %
2025 · country ranking

Labour

6 indicators
Employment
76.1 %
+0.4 vs 2024
EU average 76.1 %
2025 · country ranking
Unemployment
6.0 %
0 vs 2024
EU average 6.0 %
2025 · country ranking
Gender pay gap
11.1 %
−0.6 vs 2023
EU average 11.1 %
2024 · country ranking
Long-term unemployment
1.9 %
0 vs 2024
EU average 1.9 %
2025 · country ranking
NEET rate
11.0 %
−0.1 vs 2024
EU average 11.0 %
2025 · country ranking
Working hours
37.3 h
0 vs 2024
EU average 37.3 h
2025 · country ranking

Population

6 indicators
Healthy life expectancy
65.2 years
+2.1 vs 2023
EU average 65.2 years
2024 · country ranking
Infant mortality
3.5 ‰
+0.2 vs 2023
EU average 3.5 ‰
2024 · country ranking
Obesity
16.0 %
+1.1 vs 2014
EU average 16.0 %
2019 · country ranking
Population
452 mn
2026 · country ranking
Life expectancy
80.8 years
+0.3 vs 2023
EU average 80.8 years
2024 · country ranking
Fertility
1.34
−0.04 vs 2023
EU average 1.34
2024 · country ranking

Environment

7 indicators
Energy imports
57.3 %
−1.1 vs 2023
EU average 57.3 %
2024 · country ranking
Municipal waste
517 kg
+6 vs 2023
EU average 517 kg
2024 · country ranking
Renewable electricity
49.9 %
+2.4 vs 2024
EU average 49.9 %
2025 · country ranking
Organic farming
9.1 %
+0.6 vs 2019
EU average 9.1 %
2020 · country ranking
Air pollution deaths
41 per 100k
−12 vs 2022
EU average 41 per 100k
2023 · country ranking
Renewables
26.2 %
+1.0 vs 2024
EU average 26.2 %
2025 · country ranking
Recycling
48.1 %
+0.2 vs 2023
EU average 48.1 %
2024 · country ranking

Society

18 indicators
Health spending
9.9 %
−0.3 vs 2022
EU average 9.9 %
2023 · country ranking
Tertiary educated
36.9 %
+1.0 vs 2024
EU average 36.9 %
2025 · country ranking
Adult learning
13.7 %
+0.2 vs 2024
EU average 13.7 %
2025 · country ranking
Poverty risk
20.9 %
−0.1 vs 2024
EU average 20.9 %
2025 · country ranking
Income inequality
28.6
−0.1 vs 2024
EU average 28.6
2025 · country ranking
Internet use
93.8 %
+1.0 vs 2024
EU average 93.8 %
2025 · country ranking
Road deaths
4 per mn
0 vs 2023
EU average 4 per mn
2024 · country ranking
Housing overcrowding
16.8 %
−0.1 vs 2024
EU average 16.8 %
2025 · country ranking
Passenger cars
584 per 1,000
+7 vs 2024
EU average 584 per 1,000
2025 · country ranking
Early leavers
9.1 %
−0.5 vs 2024
EU average 9.1 %
2025 · country ranking
Unable to keep warm
8.8 %
−0.4 vs 2024
EU average 8.8 %
2025 · country ranking
Housing overburden
7.7 %
−0.5 vs 2024
EU average 7.7 %
2025 · country ranking
Home ownership
68.5 %
+0.1 vs 2024
EU average 68.5 %
2025 · country ranking
Travel by car
82.5 %
−0.2 vs 2023
EU average 82.5 %
2024 · country ranking
Health expenditure
7.3 % of GDP
+0.1 vs 2023
EU average 7.3 % of GDP
2024 · country ranking
Education spending
4.7 % of GDP
0 vs 2023
EU average 4.7 % of GDP
2024 · country ranking
Life satisfaction
7.2 /10
0 vs 2024
EU average 7.2 /10
2025 · country ranking
Digital skills
60.4 %
+4.8 vs 2023
EU average 60.4 %
2025 · country ranking

Where the data comes from

© European Union, source: Eurostat - datasets, licence and methods.

Ranks are among EU member states. Where less is better (unemployment, debt), the lowest value ranks first.