R&D expenditure

29 European countries compared for 2025. Eurostat data.

First in the ranking
3.52 % of GDP
Sweden
Median country
1.63 % of GDP
half above, half below
Range
0.23 to 3.52
Moldova - Sweden

How to read it

Across 29 countries, the highest value is in Sweden (3.52 % of GDP) and the lowest in Moldova (0.23 % of GDP).

Half of the countries are above 1.63 % of GDP and half below.

For the EU as a whole, the value rose from 1.78 % of GDP in 2005 to 2.26 % of GDP in 2024.

GERD by sector of performance
Percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) · All sectors

Eurostat methods can differ from the World Bank data used elsewhere on the site - source and licence.

R&D over time

% of GDP

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Ranking of countries

2025
In chart Share of the highest value
1Sweden3.52
2Austria3.36
3Belgium3.34
4Finland3.32
5Denmark3.12
6Germany3.07
7Netherlands2.40
8Slovenia2.37
9France2.19
10Iceland non-EU2.16
11Estonia2.08
12Czechia1.85
13Portugal1.81
14Norway non-EU1.79
15Greece1.63
16Poland1.50
17Ireland1.49
18Italy1.37
19Croatia1.37
20Hungary1.31
21Lithuania1.10
22Slovakia1.05
23Luxembourg1.04
24Latvia1.00
25Bulgaria0.74
26Cyprus0.58
27Romania0.52
28Malta0.46
29Moldova non-EU0.23
© European Union, source: Eurostat · dataset rd_e_gerdtot · 2025 Source and licence

Tick a country in the table to add it to the chart, up to six at a time - a chart with more lines stops being readable. The ranking is for the latest period in which most countries have a value. EU and euro area aggregates do not take part in the ranking.