Country

Estonia

EU member state since 2004 · world profile (World Bank data)

Best rank in the EU 1st government debt, of 27

Where it stands out

rank among EU countries

Best ranks

  1. Government debt 1st of 27
  2. Infant mortality 1st of 27
  3. Energy imports 1st of 27

Lowest ranks

  1. Gender pay gap 27th of 27
  2. Inflation 26th of 27
  3. Emissions 25th of 27

Map

5 regions

 

Boundaries: Maa- ja Ruumiamet, as of 1 Aug 2026, Maa- ja Ruumiamet open data licence, simplified · sources and licences

Over time

6 charts

GDP per capita

€/inh. · 1995-2025

Estonia EU average

0 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k 1995 Estonia: 2,060 EU average: 14,910 1996 Estonia: 2,650 EU average: 15,600 1997 Estonia: 3,240 EU average: 16,010 1998 Estonia: 3,640 EU average: 16,670 1999 Estonia: 3,920 EU average: 17,420 2000 Estonia: 4,400 EU average: 18,420 2001 Estonia: 5,010 EU average: 19,270 2002 Estonia: 5,660 EU average: 19,930 2003 Estonia: 6,360 EU average: 20,400 2004 Estonia: 7,160 EU average: 21,250 2005 Estonia: 8,350 EU average: 22,110 2006 Estonia: 10,050 EU average: 23,320 2007 Estonia: 12,210 EU average: 24,680 2008 Estonia: 12,420 EU average: 25,390 2009 Estonia: 10,580 EU average: 24,230 2010 Estonia: 11,060 EU average: 25,090 2011 Estonia: 12,590 EU average: 25,880 2012 Estonia: 13,650 EU average: 25,980 2013 Estonia: 14,520 EU average: 26,260 2014 Estonia: 15,480 EU average: 26,860 2015 Estonia: 16,000 EU average: 27,810 2016 Estonia: 16,860 EU average: 28,510 2017 Estonia: 18,480 EU average: 29,680 2018 Estonia: 20,040 EU average: 30,680 2019 Estonia: 21,490 EU average: 31,740 2020 Estonia: 20,960 EU average: 30,560 2021 Estonia: 23,650 EU average: 33,330 2022 Estonia: 27,360 EU average: 36,180 2023 Estonia: 27,940 EU average: 38,450 2024 Estonia: 29,010 EU average: 40,110 2025 Estonia: 30,570 EU average: 41,700 1995 2005 2010 2015 2025

Real GDP growth

% · 1996-2025

Estonia EU average

-20 -10 0 10 20 1996 Estonia: 4.9 EU average: 1.8 1997 Estonia: 13.1 EU average: 2.7 1998 Estonia: 4.3 EU average: 3 1999 Estonia: -0.4 EU average: 3 2000 Estonia: 10.1 EU average: 3.9 2001 Estonia: 5.9 EU average: 2.1 2002 Estonia: 6.9 EU average: 1 2003 Estonia: 7.6 EU average: 0.9 2004 Estonia: 6.8 EU average: 2.5 2005 Estonia: 9.5 EU average: 1.9 2006 Estonia: 9.8 EU average: 3.5 2007 Estonia: 7.6 EU average: 3.1 2008 Estonia: -5.1 EU average: 0.6 2009 Estonia: -14.6 EU average: -4.3 2010 Estonia: 2.4 EU average: 2.1 2011 Estonia: 7.6 EU average: 1.9 2012 Estonia: 3.7 EU average: -0.8 2013 Estonia: 1.8 EU average: 0 2014 Estonia: 3.3 EU average: 1.6 2015 Estonia: 1.8 EU average: 2.4 2016 Estonia: 3.1 EU average: 1.9 2017 Estonia: 5.6 EU average: 2.8 2018 Estonia: 3.7 EU average: 2.1 2019 Estonia: 3.7 EU average: 1.9 2020 Estonia: -2.9 EU average: -5.5 2021 Estonia: 8.3 EU average: 6.4 2022 Estonia: 0.7 EU average: 3.6 2023 Estonia: -2.9 EU average: 0.4 2024 Estonia: 0.1 EU average: 1.3 2025 Estonia: 1.3 EU average: 1.4 1996 2006 2011 2016 2025

HICP inflation rate

% · 1996-2025

Estonia EU average

-5 0 5 10 15 20 1996 Estonia: 19.8 EU average: 0 1997 Estonia: 9.3 EU average: 0 1998 Estonia: 8.8 EU average: 0 1999 Estonia: 3.1 EU average: 0 2000 Estonia: 3.9 EU average: 0 2001 Estonia: 5.6 EU average: 3.6 2002 Estonia: 3.6 EU average: 2.7 2003 Estonia: 1.4 EU average: 2.3 2004 Estonia: 3 EU average: 2.5 2005 Estonia: 4.1 EU average: 2.3 2006 Estonia: 4.4 EU average: 2.3 2007 Estonia: 6.7 EU average: 2.4 2008 Estonia: 10.6 EU average: 3.7 2009 Estonia: 0.2 EU average: 0.8 2010 Estonia: 2.7 EU average: 1.8 2011 Estonia: 5.1 EU average: 2.9 2012 Estonia: 4.2 EU average: 2.6 2013 Estonia: 3.2 EU average: 1.3 2014 Estonia: 0.5 EU average: 0.4 2015 Estonia: 0.1 EU average: 0.1 2016 Estonia: 0.8 EU average: 0.2 2017 Estonia: 3.7 EU average: 1.6 2018 Estonia: 3.4 EU average: 1.8 2019 Estonia: 2.3 EU average: 1.4 2020 Estonia: -0.6 EU average: 0.7 2021 Estonia: 4.5 EU average: 2.9 2022 Estonia: 19.4 EU average: 9.2 2023 Estonia: 9.1 EU average: 6.4 2024 Estonia: 3.7 EU average: 2.6 2025 Estonia: 4.8 EU average: 2.5 1996 2006 2011 2016 2025

Annual change in house prices

% · 2006-2025

Estonia EU average

-40 -20 0 20 40 60 2006 Estonia: 49.5 EU average: 9.9 2007 Estonia: 20.8 EU average: 8.5 2008 Estonia: -9.6 EU average: 1.3 2009 Estonia: -37.2 EU average: -3.7 2010 Estonia: 5.7 EU average: 0.5 2011 Estonia: 8.5 EU average: 0.6 2012 Estonia: 7.3 EU average: -2.1 2013 Estonia: 10.6 EU average: -1.7 2014 Estonia: 13.7 EU average: 0.7 2015 Estonia: 6.9 EU average: 2.3 2016 Estonia: 4.7 EU average: 4.3 2017 Estonia: 5.5 EU average: 4.8 2018 Estonia: 5.9 EU average: 5 2019 Estonia: 7 EU average: 4.9 2020 Estonia: 6 EU average: 5.6 2021 Estonia: 15.1 EU average: 8.4 2022 Estonia: 22.2 EU average: 8 2023 Estonia: 5.9 EU average: -0.3 2024 Estonia: 6.1 EU average: 3.4 2025 Estonia: 5.2 EU average: 5.5 2006 2012 2015 2018 2025

R&D expenditure

% of GDP · 1998-2024

Estonia EU average

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 1998 Estonia: 0.57 EU average: 1.73 1999 Estonia: 0.68 EU average: 1.78 2000 Estonia: 0.6 EU average: 1.81 2001 Estonia: 0.7 EU average: 1.82 2002 Estonia: 0.71 EU average: 1.83 2003 Estonia: 0.76 EU average: 1.82 2004 Estonia: 0.85 EU average: 1.79 2005 Estonia: 0.92 EU average: 1.78 2006 Estonia: 1.11 EU average: 1.8 2007 Estonia: 1.06 EU average: 1.79 2008 Estonia: 1.25 EU average: 1.87 2009 Estonia: 1.4 EU average: 1.96 2010 Estonia: 1.58 EU average: 1.96 2011 Estonia: 2.3 EU average: 2 2012 Estonia: 2.1 EU average: 2.06 2013 Estonia: 1.7 EU average: 2.08 2014 Estonia: 1.41 EU average: 2.09 2015 Estonia: 1.44 EU average: 2.1 2016 Estonia: 1.22 EU average: 2.1 2017 Estonia: 1.25 EU average: 2.14 2018 Estonia: 1.38 EU average: 2.17 2019 Estonia: 1.59 EU average: 2.21 2020 Estonia: 1.73 EU average: 2.28 2021 Estonia: 1.75 EU average: 2.24 2022 Estonia: 1.77 EU average: 2.22 2023 Estonia: 1.83 EU average: 2.26 2024 Estonia: 1.99 EU average: 2.24 1998 2006 2010 2014 2018 2024

Electricity price for households

€/kWh · 2007S2-2025S2

Estonia EU average

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 2007S2 Estonia: 0.08 EU average: 0.15 2008S1 Estonia: 0.08 EU average: 0.16 2008S2 Estonia: 0.09 EU average: 0.17 2009S1 Estonia: 0.09 EU average: 0.17 2009S2 Estonia: 0.09 EU average: 0.17 2010S1 Estonia: 0.1 EU average: 0.17 2010S2 Estonia: 0.1 EU average: 0.18 2011S1 Estonia: 0.1 EU average: 0.19 2011S2 Estonia: 0.1 EU average: 0.19 2012S1 Estonia: 0.11 EU average: 0.19 2012S2 Estonia: 0.11 EU average: 0.2 2013S1 Estonia: 0.14 EU average: 0.2 2013S2 Estonia: 0.14 EU average: 0.21 2014S1 Estonia: 0.13 EU average: 0.21 2014S2 Estonia: 0.13 EU average: 0.21 2015S1 Estonia: 0.13 EU average: 0.21 2015S2 Estonia: 0.13 EU average: 0.21 2016S1 Estonia: 0.12 EU average: 0.21 2016S2 Estonia: 0.12 EU average: 0.21 2017S1 Estonia: 0.12 EU average: 0.21 2017S2 Estonia: 0.13 EU average: 0.21 2018S1 Estonia: 0.13 EU average: 0.21 2018S2 Estonia: 0.14 EU average: 0.22 2019S1 Estonia: 0.14 EU average: 0.22 2019S2 Estonia: 0.14 EU average: 0.22 2020S1 Estonia: 0.12 EU average: 0.21 2020S2 Estonia: 0.13 EU average: 0.22 2021S1 Estonia: 0.13 EU average: 0.22 2021S2 Estonia: 0.19 EU average: 0.24 2022S1 Estonia: 0.21 EU average: 0.25 2022S2 Estonia: 0.27 EU average: 0.28 2023S1 Estonia: 0.22 EU average: 0.29 2023S2 Estonia: 0.23 EU average: 0.28 2024S1 Estonia: 0.23 EU average: 0.29 2024S2 Estonia: 0.22 EU average: 0.29 2025S1 Estonia: 0.23 EU average: 0.29 2025S2 Estonia: 0.23 EU average: 0.29 2007S2 2013S2 2016S2 2019S2 2025S2

Economy

11 indicators
GDP per capita
30,570 €/inh.
+1,560 vs 2024
17th of 27 EU countries
EU average 41,700 €/inh.
2025 · country ranking
GDP growth
1.3 %
+1.2 vs 2024
17th of 27 EU countries
EU average 1.4 %
2025 · country ranking
Inflation
4.8 %
+1.1 vs 2024
26th of 27 EU countries
EU average 2.5 %
2025 · country ranking
House prices
5.2 %
−0.9 vs 2024
16th of 26 EU countries
EU average 5.5 %
2025 · country ranking
R&D
1.99 % of GDP
+0.16 vs 2023
10th of 27 EU countries
EU average 2.24 % of GDP
2024 · country ranking
Electricity price
0.2303 €/kWh
+0.0005 vs 2025S1
9th of 27 EU countries
EU average 0.2896 €/kWh
2025S2 · country ranking
Tax-to-GDP ratio
36.8 % of GDP
+0.7 vs 2024
18th of 27 EU countries (2024)
2025 · country ranking
Gas price
0.0760 €/kWh
−0.0096 vs 2025S1
7th of 23 EU countries
EU average 0.1228 €/kWh
2025S2 · country ranking
Government debt
24.1 %
+0.6 vs 2024
1st of 27 EU countries
EU average 81.7 %
2025 · country ranking
Price level
96.5
−0.6 vs 2023
12th of 27 EU countries
EU average 100.0
2024 · country ranking
Budget balance
-2.0 %
−0.9 vs 2024
9th of 27 EU countries
EU average -3.1 %
2025 · country ranking

Labour

7 indicators
Employment
81.7 %
−0.1 vs 2024
5th of 27 EU countries
EU average 76.1 %
2025 · country ranking
Unemployment
7.5 %
−0.1 vs 2024
22nd of 27 EU countries
EU average 6.0 %
2025 · country ranking
Minimum wage
946 €
+60 vs 2026S1
16th of 22 EU countries
2026S2 · country ranking
Gender pay gap
18.8 %
−0.8 vs 2023
27th of 27 EU countries
EU average 11.1 %
2024 · country ranking
Long-term unemployment
1.8 %
0 vs 2024
16th of 27 EU countries
EU average 1.9 %
2025 · country ranking
NEET rate
11.2 %
+0.2 vs 2024
20th of 27 EU countries
EU average 11.0 %
2025 · country ranking
Working hours
37.9 h
0 vs 2024
17th of 27 EU countries
EU average 37.3 h
2025 · country ranking

Population

7 indicators
Healthy life expectancy
58.6 years
+0.5 vs 2023
23rd of 26 EU countries
EU average 65.2 years
2024 · country ranking
Doctors
358 per 100k
+10 vs 2023
23rd of 26 EU countries
2024 · country ranking
Infant mortality
1.4 ‰
−0.3 vs 2023
1st of 27 EU countries
EU average 3.5 ‰
2024 · country ranking
Obesity
21.1 %
+1.4 vs 2014
22nd of 26 EU countries
EU average 16.0 %
2019 · country ranking
Population
1.4 mn
24th of 27 EU countries
2026 · country ranking
Life expectancy
78.5 years
+0.4 vs 2023
19th of 27 EU countries
EU average 80.8 years
2024 · country ranking
Fertility
1.18
−0.13 vs 2023
22nd of 27 EU countries
EU average 1.34
2024 · country ranking

Environment

8 indicators
Emissions
8.9 t/inh.
−0.9 vs 2023
25th of 27 EU countries
2024 · country ranking
Energy imports
4.6 %
+1.2 vs 2023
1st of 27 EU countries
EU average 57.3 %
2024 · country ranking
Municipal waste
375 kg
+2 vs 2023
1st of 20 EU countries
EU average 517 kg
2024 · country ranking
Renewable electricity
41.1 %
+2.2 vs 2024
17th of 27 EU countries
EU average 49.9 %
2025 · country ranking
Organic farming
22.6 %
−0.2 vs 2023
1st of 25 EU countries
2024 · country ranking
Air pollution deaths
3 per 100k
−4 vs 2022
3rd of 27 EU countries
EU average 41 per 100k
2023 · country ranking
Renewables
42.3 %
+0.1 vs 2024
6th of 27 EU countries
EU average 26.2 %
2025 · country ranking
Recycling
36.4 %
−1.5 vs 2023
15th of 20 EU countries
EU average 48.1 %
2024 · country ranking

Society

18 indicators
Health spending
8.1 %
+0.1 vs 2024
18th of 25 EU countries (2024)
2025 · country ranking
Tertiary educated
42.1 %
+0.3 vs 2024
12th of 27 EU countries
EU average 36.9 %
2025 · country ranking
Adult learning
23.8 %
+0.5 vs 2024
5th of 27 EU countries
EU average 13.7 %
2025 · country ranking
Poverty risk
21.8 %
−0.4 vs 2024
20th of 27 EU countries
EU average 20.9 %
2025 · country ranking
Income inequality
29.8
+1.3 vs 2024
20th of 27 EU countries
EU average 28.6
2025 · country ranking
Internet use
94.9 %
+2.6 vs 2024
12th of 27 EU countries
EU average 93.8 %
2025 · country ranking
Road deaths
5 per mn
+1 vs 2023
18th of 27 EU countries
EU average 4 per mn
2024 · country ranking
Housing overcrowding
17.9 %
−0.5 vs 2024
18th of 27 EU countries
EU average 16.8 %
2025 · country ranking
Passenger cars
595 per 1,000
−40 vs 2024
10th of 27 EU countries
EU average 584 per 1,000
2025 · country ranking
Early leavers
10.2 %
−0.8 vs 2024
23rd of 26 EU countries
EU average 9.1 %
2025 · country ranking
Unable to keep warm
3.1 %
−0.5 vs 2024
2nd of 27 EU countries
EU average 8.8 %
2025 · country ranking
Housing overburden
8.8 %
+0.2 vs 2024
23rd of 27 EU countries
EU average 7.7 %
2025 · country ranking
Home ownership
79.7 %
+0.4 vs 2024
9th of 27 EU countries
EU average 68.5 %
2025 · country ranking
Travel by car
86.0 %
+4.0 vs 2023
24th of 27 EU countries
EU average 82.5 %
2024 · country ranking
Health expenditure
6.3 % of GDP
+0.1 vs 2023
16th of 27 EU countries
EU average 7.3 % of GDP
2024 · country ranking
Education spending
6.3 % of GDP
0 vs 2023
4th of 27 EU countries
EU average 4.7 % of GDP
2024 · country ranking
Life satisfaction
7.3 /10
+0.2 vs 2024
19th of 27 EU countries
EU average 7.2 /10
2025 · country ranking
Digital skills
62.5 %
−0.1 vs 2023
12th of 27 EU countries
EU average 60.4 %
2025 · country ranking

Regions

NUTS

NUTS 1 1

NUTS 2 1

NUTS 3 5

Where the data comes from

© European Union, source: Eurostat - datasets, licence and methods.

Ranks are among EU member states. Where less is better (unemployment, debt), the lowest value ranks first.